Allowed downtime is the period length multiplied by (100 minus the uptime percentage), divided by 100. Work in minutes and the arithmetic stays simple: 1,440 minutes in a day, 43,200 in a 30-day month, 525,600 in a 365-day year.
Worth knowing
A worked example. For 99.9% over a 30-day month: 43,200 times 0.1, divided by 100, equals 43.2 minutes. That is the well-known "about 43 minutes a month" figure. Do the same with 525,600 and you get 525.6 minutes a year, or 8 hours 46 minutes.